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This factsheet applies to pushchairs and prams. Pushchairs, also known as strollers, and prams are those products designed for the carriage of one or more children, up to 15 kg each and up to 20 kg for any integrated platform on which a child can stand.
This factsheet does not cover toys, baby carriers fitted with wheels; pushchairs and prams propelled by a motor and pushchairs and prams designed for children with special needs.
NB: For this product category, EU law does not foresee mandatory certification.
This is a list of examples of common risks. However, before placing a product on the market, the manufacturer has to carry out an assessment of the product that covers all relevant risks that may be associated with it and actions taken to mitigate these where possible. A general definition of risk and its relationship to hazards can be found in the factsheet on Risk management.
1. Mechanical/physical risks:
2. Chemical risks:
3. Thermal risks:
4. Hygiene risks:
A general definition of risk and its relationship to hazards can be found in the factsheet on Risk management.
Specific examples of measures taken against dangerous wheeled child conveyances offered for sale in the European Union are available on the Safety Gate website. Type ‘pram’, ‘pushchair’ or similar expression into the free text search box (but without the quotation marks) and select the ‘Childcare articles and children’s equipment’ Product Category to view notified examples. A better understanding of mistakes made in the safety assessment of the wheeled child conveyance, or its manufacture can help avoid their repetition.
Please note that every product must be safe for consumers, according to the General Product Safety Regulation (GPSR) of the EU. This is the applicable law covering wheeled child conveyances.
A ‘safe product’ shall mean – any product which, under normal or reasonably foreseeable conditions of use, does not present any risk or only the minimum risks compatible with the product’s use, considered to be acceptable and consistent with a high level of protection for the safety and health of persons
It is important to take into account the following points in particular:
(a) the characteristics of the product, including its design, technical features, composition, packaging, instructions for assembly and, where applicable, for installation, use and maintenance;
(b) the effect on other products, where it is reasonably foreseeable that the product will be used with other products, including the interconnection of those products;
(c) the effect that other products might have on the product to be assessed, where it is reasonably foreseeable that other products will be used with that product, including the effect of non-embedded items that are meant to determine, change or complete the way the product to be assessed works, which has to be taken into consideration when assessing the safety of the product to be assessed;
(d) the presentation of the product, the labelling, including the labelling regarding age suitability for children, any warnings and instructions for its safe use and disposal, and any other indication or information regarding the product;
(e) the categories of consumers using the product, in particular by assessing the risk for vulnerable consumers such as children, older people and persons with disabilities, as well as the impact of gender differences on health and safety;
(f) the appearance of the product where it is likely to lead consumers to use the product in a way different to what it was designed for, and in particular:
(i) where a product, although not foodstuff, resembles foodstuff and is likely to be confused with foodstuff due to its form, odour, colour, appearance, packaging, labelling, volume, size or other characteristics and might therefore be placed in the mouth, sucked or ingested by consumers, especially by children;
(ii) where a product, although neither designed nor intended for use by children, is likely to be used by children or resembles an object commonly recognised as appealing to or intended for use by children because of its design, packaging or characteristics;
(g) when required by the nature of the product, the appropriate cybersecurity features necessary to protect the product against external influences, including malicious third parties, where such an influence might have an impact on the safety of the product, including the possible loss of interconnection;
(h) when required by the nature of the product, the evolving, learning and predictive functionalities of the product.
It is essential for manufacturers to consider whether their products might also have a ‘play value’ to a child, e.g. because it has a rattle effect or some other toy or play item attached to it (i.e. a plush toys attached to the strap). This is because products which have play value are considered as toys and must comply with all the requirements of the Toy Safety Directive 2009/48/EC. To be considered as a toy for the purpose of the Directive, the play value has to be introduced in an intended way by the manufacturer. The EU has issued a good deal of guidance on toy safety to help manufacturers, and this includes guidance document no. 4 which can be found here will specifically help manufacturers consider the issue of childcare articles which may also fall within the definition of being a toy.
Comprehensive factsheets on the requirements concerning toys can be found here.
Certain European technical standards concerning children’s products have been published in the Official Journal of the European Union (OJEU) as a support of European legislation. A product complying with these standards is presumed to meet the EU safety requirements for the risks. When manufactures carry out the risk assessment of their product, they can rely on these technical standards for the risks covered by such standards. Further information on, and the list of standards published in the OJEU for childcare articles is available here.
At moment, the OJEU doesn’t list any European standards for wheeled child conveyances. However, relevant clauses from EN 1888-1:2018 Pushchairs and prams can be taken into consideration for wheeled child conveyances.
The standard isn’t cited in the OJEU, but it references parts of EN 71 which is harmonised (refer to EN 1888-1:2018 for more information).
The standard covers key hazards such as chemical, thermal and mechanical (entrapment, choking, suffocation etc.) as well as other aspects such as marking and instructions. The standard specifies detailed testing requirements covering all areas of pushchairs and prams. Manufacturers must check their risk assessment to verify that all possible hazards and requirements that might affect their product have been adequately dealt with.
Note: The following site of CEN (the European standardisation organisation) provides links to the national standardisations bodies’ websites. In addition, the China Standards Information Services Network can be used to access European standards.
The following summarises some further key applicable laws:
The following are obligatory as stated in the General Product Safety Regulation, article 9:
All product information including instructions and safety information must be given in a language which can be easily understood by consumers, as determined by the Member State in which the product is sold as stated in the General Product Safety Regulation, article 9(7).
To ensure safety of wheeled child conveyances, there is also a range of general requirements to be fulfilled. These are explained in the following factsheets and need to be read in conjunction with this factsheet:
You may also visit the SPEAC ACADEMY to learn more about the EU Safety requirements.
The provided information was updated in 2024. Please note that some of the provided information could change during possible subsequent revisions of legislation, standards, and guidance documents. For any updates of official information on the EU product safety rules, please follow the Link to the webpage of the European Commission.
This document was produced with the financial support of the European Union. Its contents are the sole responsibility of SPEAC project and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union.
